OBJECTIVE To identify and characterize the phenotypic and functional differences of
endothelial cells derived from cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVM), as compared
with endothelial cells derived from a normal brain. METHODS Isolated AVM brain
endothelial cells and control brain endothelial cells were evaluated immunohistochemically
for expression of the endothelial cell markers von Willebrand factor and CD31, as well as
angiogenic factors including vascular endothelial growth factor A, interleukin-8, and …