Netrin-1 has been shown to play a crucial role in neuronal navigation during nervous system development mainly through its interaction with its receptors DCC and UNC5H. However, initially the DCC (deleted in colorectal cancer) gene was proposed as a putative tumor suppressor gene. It was then difficult to reconcile the two activities of DCC until the observation that DCC belongs to an emerging family of receptors named dependence receptors. Such receptors share the property of inducing apoptosis in the absence of ligand, hence creating a cellular state of dependence on the ligand. Thus, netrin-1 may not only be a chemotropic factor for neurons but also a survival factor. We will review here the identification of netrin-1 and its receptors, the signaling pathways initiated in the presence or absence of netrin-1. We will suggest some possible roles of netrin-1 in nervous system development, neovascularisation, adhesion and tumorigenesis.