The expression pattern of genes important for pancreatic islet cell function requires the actions of cell-enriched transcription factors. Musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma homolog A (MafA) is a β-cell-specific transcriptional activator critical to adult islet β-cell function, with MafA mutant mice manifesting symptoms associated with human type 2 diabetes. Here, we describe that MafA expression is controlled by hepatocyte nuclear factor 1-α (Hnf1α), the transcription factor gene mutated in the most common monoallelic form of maturity onset diabetes of the young. There are six conserved sequence domains in the 5′-flanking MafA promoter, of which one, region 3 (R3) [base pair (bp) −8118/−7750] is principally involved in controlling the unique developmental and adult islet β-cell-specific expression pattern. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis demonstrated that Hnf1α bound specifically within R3. Furthermore, in vitro DNA-binding experiments localized an Hnf1α regulatory element between bp −7822 and −7793, an area previously associated with stimulation by the islet developmental regulator, Islet1. However, site-directed mutational studies showed that Hnf1α was essential to R3-driven reporter activation through bp −7816/−7811. Significantly, MafA levels were dramatically reduced in the insulin⁺ cell population remaining in embryonic and adult Hnf1α^−/− pancreata. Our results demonstrate that Hnf1α regulates MafA in β-cells and suggests that compromised MafA expression contributes to β-cell dysfunction in maturity onset diabetes of the young.