Extraskeletal osseous and cartilaginous tumors and tumorlike conditions of the extremities can often be differentiated radiologically; for those that cannot, knowledge of the spectrum of lesions will allow a suitably ordered differential diagnosis. Of the osseous lesions--myositis ossificans, fibro-osseous pseudotumor, fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva, soft-tissue osteoma, and extraskeletal osteosarcoma--all but myositis ossificans are relatively rare. Myositis ossificans has a distinct mineralization pattern that can be observed radiologically as a peripheral rim of lamellar bone. Fibro-osseous pseudotumor typically occurs in the digits of the hand and lacks the well-defined zoning pattern of myositis ossificans. The cartilaginous entities include the true tumors, soft-tissue chondroma and extraskeletal chondrosarcoma, and the tumorlike process, synovial osteochondromatosis. The tumors are relatively rare; synovial osteochondromatosis commonly affects middle-aged men, especially in the knee, and is associated with osteoarthritis. The differential diagnosis for these extraskeletal osseous and cartilaginous lesions includes soft-tissue sarcoma, benign mesenchymoma, malignant mesenchymoma (rare), calcified tophi in gout, melorheostosis (rare), pilomatricoma (rare), and tumoral calcinosis (rare).