Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common childhood condition that may affect different areas of the child’s life, seriously impairing academic achievement, peer relationships, and self care. Many affected children become socially isolated and develop conduct problems. Some 15% of children with ADHD will still have the condition in adulthood, and even more will develop a personality disorder and/or a substance misuse disorder in adulthood. 1 2 3

Diagnosis rates for ADHD and prescriptions of stimulant medication have risen substantially in England during the past decade, with 220 000 prescriptions for stimulants (costing about£ 5m (€ 6.3 m; $9.4 m)) in 1998 and 418 300 (almost£ 13m) in 2004. 4 The prescription of stimulants, which are potential drugs of misuse, to children remains controversial, with concerns about their safety and the potential for misuse and diversion (where the drug is passed on to others for non-prescription use). This article summarises the most recent recommendations from the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) on the diagnosis and management of ADHD in children, young people and adults. 5