Although the mechanism underlying C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) beneficial effects is not entirely understood, modulating the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)/tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) may play an important role. The study presented herein was designed as a first demonstration of the regulative effects of CNP on MMPs/TIMPs expression in unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) rats. The continuous changes of CNP, MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1, TIMP-2 and type IV collagen (Col-IV) expression were determined in the obstructed rat kidneys at 3 days, 1, 2, and 3 months post-UUO respectively. According to the real-time PCR analysis, CNP, MMP-2 and MMP-9 mRNA expression in the obstructed kidneys were significantly higher compared to every time corresponding SOR, and progressively decreased over time. In contrast, in the obstructed kidneys collected 2 and 3 months post-UUO, the higher TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 mRNA expression were observed in comparison to the corresponding SOR group. The above trends of CNP, MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1, and TIMP-2 transcripts were confirmed by their protein expression based on immunohistochemistry and western blot, and finally contributed to the progressive elevated Col-IV expression in the obstructed kidneys throughout the entire study period. Overexpressed CNP may be an early compensatory response to counteract extracellular matrix remodeling in UUO rats.